Showing posts with label Income tax. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Income tax. Show all posts
Accounts: Reviews on Basic Principals and Personal Accounting
GAAP is the gold standard for preparing financial statement. Not disclosing that it has used principles other than GAAP makes a company legally liable for any misleading or misunderstood data. These principles have been fine-tuned over decades and have effectively governed accounting methods and the financial reporting systems of businesses. Different principles have been established for different types of business entities, such for-profit and not-for-profit companies, governments and other enterprises.
GAAP's in accounting are not cut and dried. However they're guidelines, and as such are often open to interpretation. They are estimates have to be made at times, and they require good faith efforts towards accuracy. You've surely heard the phrase "creative accounting" and this is when a company pushes the envelope a little (or a lot) to make their business look more profitable than it might actually be. This is also called massaging the numbers. This can get out of control and quickly turn into accounting fraud, which is also called cooking the books. The results of these practices can be devastating and ruin hundreds and thousands of lives, as in the cases of Enron, Rite Aid and others.
Personal accounting
On personal accounting, you balance your checkbook to note any charges in your checking account that you haven't recorded in your checkbook. Some of these can include ATM fees, overdraft fees, special transaction fees or low balance fees, if you're required to keep a minimum balance in your account. You also balance your checkbook to record any credits that you haven't noted previously. They might include automatic deposits, or refunds or other electronic deposits. Your checking account might be an interest-bearing account and you want to record any interest that it's earned.
Income - any money you've earned from working or owning assets, unless there are specific exemptions from income tax.
Standard deduction - some personal expenditures or business expenses can be deducted from your income to reduce the taxable amount of income. These expenses include items such as interest paid on your home mortgage, charitable contributions and property taxes.
Article Source: http://www.articlenorth.com
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How is accounting used in business?
It's important not to confuse profit with cash flow. Profit equals sales revenue minus expenses. A business manager shouldn't assume that sales revenue equals cash inflow and that expenses equal cash outflows. In recording sales revenue, cash or another asset is increased. The asset accounts receivable is increased in recording revenue for sales made on credit. Many expenses are recorded by decreasing an asset other than cash. For example, cost of goods sold is recorded with a decrease to the inventory asset and depreciation expense is recorded with a decrease to the book value of fixed assets. Also, some expenses are recorded with an increase in the accounts payable liability or an increase in the accrued expenses payable liability.
Remember that some budgeting is better than none. Budgeting provides important advantages, like understanding the profit dynamics and the financial structure of the business. It also helps for planning for changes in the upcoming reporting period. Budgeting forces a business manager to focus on the factors that need to be improved to increase profit. A well-designed management profit and loss report provides the essential framework for budgeting profit. It's always a good idea to look ahead to the coming year. If nothing else, at least plug the numbers in your profit report for sales volume, sales prices, product costs and other expense and see how your projected profit looks for the coming year.
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How is accounting used in business?
It's important not to confuse profit with cash flow. Profit equals sales revenue minus expenses. A business manager shouldn't assume that sales revenue equals cash inflow and that expenses equal cash outflows. In recording sales revenue, cash or another asset is increased. The asset accounts receivable is increased in recording revenue for sales made on credit. Many expenses are recorded by decreasing an asset other than cash. For example, cost of goods sold is recorded with a decrease to the inventory asset and depreciation expense is recorded with a decrease to the book value of fixed assets. Also, some expenses are recorded with an increase in the accounts payable liability or an increase in the accrued expenses payable liability.
Remember that some budgeting is better than none. Budgeting provides important advantages, like understanding the profit dynamics and the financial structure of the business. It also helps for planning for changes in the upcoming reporting period. Budgeting forces a business manager to focus on the factors that need to be improved to increase profit. A well-designed management profit and loss report provides the essential framework for budgeting profit. It's always a good idea to look ahead to the coming year. If nothing else, at least plug the numbers in your profit report for sales volume, sales prices, product costs and other expense and see how your projected profit looks for the coming year.
Careers and Prospects in Accounting and Finance
Do you enjoy the challenge of working with numbers on a daily basis? Then an accounting finance career is right for you. With the tools that were taught in school, you will be able to help a company or a business run efficiently.
What is a CPA - CPA is the statutory title of qualified accountants who have passed the Uniform Certified Public Accountant Examination and have met additional state education and experience requirements for certification as a CPA.
Primary Function of a CPA - CPA can attest to the validity of financial information. This means that they can audit financial statements and report on whether they are accurate or not. Certified Public Accountant (CPA) are licensed by law.A CPA attest to the reasonableness of disclosures, the freedom from material misstatement, and the adherence to the applicable generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) in financial statements.
Career Opportunities in Accounting and Finance - Career opportunities in accounting and finance are endless. You can earn a degree in accounting and become a general accountant, but this is just one of the options you can follow. Some of things that you can get into include actuaries, auditing, banking, chartered accounting, corporate finance, corporate recovery, stock broking and taxation management. There are also specialist areas you can pursue, such as auditing, management policy and taxation.
If you have either a CPA or CA license with you, it is possible for you to work for a large firm that has offices both here and abroad. Given that every company needs ones, it will not be that hard to find a job.
Career Prospects - One report shows that employments prospects for these professionals is quite high over the past 5 years and this is expected to continue until after 2010. You will also be handsomely rewarded with a good salary but long hours come with the territory especially when companies and individuals have to file their income taxes and towards the end of the financial year.
Average Annual Income - Just to give you an idea, newly grades who work in banks earn an average of $35,000 to $50,000 annually, while financial managers earn almost double that amount. Professionals who soon become partners for the bigger firms earn more than $100,000.
Career Development - In order for you to get a higher position, you will also need to go back to school. Most financial experts pursue an MBA after a few years in the corporate world. While some return to their employers, others apply elsewhere.
Before you can see yourself up there, you have to work from the bottom going up. While some decide to make it big in Wall Street, you too can also succeed wherever you decide to apply.
Market Research - The first thing to do is conduct some research. This will make you understand how things work and how news in business affects the industry, the country and the world as a whole.
Networking -If you want to get the job, aside from being knowledgeable, you need to have connections that are already there so you are given the position instead of someone else. This means building your network from school and then using it to your advantage. Associating yourself with those who have done well may give you pointers so you too can be just as successful as them.
Start Early - But you shouldn't wait until graduate before you start looking at the various career opportunities in accounting and finance. The best way to get your foot in the door is to apply for a summer position or an internship because most companies hire those who have worked with them for a short period of time compared to those that sent in their resumes. Believe me; you already have an edge right there as you already have an idea about the internal workings of the company.
Prepare Your Resume - Just in case the company you worked for does not have an opening right now, you should prepare your resume and yourself for interviews with other companies that do similar activities with what you used to do during your internship.
The average professional who works in either accounting or finance leaves after 2 years. They may apply for reassignment to another department or find employment doing something else. When this happens, there are job openings around for fresh graduates as well as those who already have experience in this industry.
Indeed, there are career opportunities in accounting and finance. You just have to build your network and get it.
About the Author:
Paul Hata is active in various social and community programs aimed at providing equal access to education,health and jobs to all.Paul has over 10 years experience in managing a multi-million dollar advertising company.Paul can be reached at - TradePlanets.com
Article Source:Include this link when reprinting this article: http://www.freearticles.co.za/career/careers-and-prospects-accounting-and-finance.html
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How You Know an Accounting Career is for You
Some of the benefits of being an accountant include:
- Constant work and little chance of losing your job - Plenty of opportunity for career advancement and pay rises - Many areas of expertise to choose from - Ongoing study options - Great salary - Ability to understand finance in detail which can benefit your own personal finances - Option to become self employed
Self Employed Accountant vs Employed Accountant
Accountants are fortunate in that they can either choose to work for themselves or work for someone else. In general, a self employed accountant will deal mainly with personal income tax and possibly corporate tax. They can also become auditors and other roles. In general, self employed accountants are limited in the work they can do unless they have extensive experience in a corporate environment before undertaking self employment.
The employed accountant on the other hand has many options and a great capacity to gain more skills and experience. It is not uncommon for accountants to be both employed and self employed at the same time, meaning income is increased. They key is to be able to balance the work load of both roles.
All accountants must become certified by undertaking an accounting degree at a university or college. Here you will learn all the skills required to be good at your job as well as life skills like communication and attention to detail. You can choose to focus on one aspect of accounting after you have been studying for some time. This could be tax accounting, auditing, corporate accounts, payroll and many more fields.
Anyone can become an accountant but it helps to have an interest in finance and numbers. Analytical skills are vital as is a high attention to detail, as mistakes in accounting can often cause major problems for companies. You can choose to work in the public or private sector, with there being benefits in both. Does a career in accounting sound interesting to you? Learn everything from the types of accounting careers to where to get accounting career training. It?s all available at http://www.careertoolkits.com/
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Job Options in Accounting Career
- Audit
- Work in audit involves checking accounting ledgers and financial statements within corporations and government. This work is becoming increasingly computerized and can rely on sophisticated random sampling methods. Audit is the bread and butter work of accounting. This work can involve significant travel and allows you to really understand how money is being made in the company that you are analyzing. It's great background!
- Budget Analysis
- Budget analysts are responsible for developing and managing an organizations financial plans. There are plentiful jobs in this area in government and private industry. Besides quantitative skills many budget analyst jobs require good people skills because of negotiations involved in the work.
- Financial
- Financial accountants prepare financial statements based on general ledgers and participate in important financial decisions involvingmergers & acquisitionsitions, benefits/ERISA planning and long-term financial projections. The work can be varied over time. One day you may be running spreadsheets. The next day you may be visiting a customer or supplier to set up a new account and discuss business. This work requires a good understanding of both accounting and finance.
- Management Accounting
- Management accountants work in companies and participate in decisions about capital budgeting and line of business analysis. Major functions include cost analysis, analysis of new contracts and participation in efforts to control expenses efficiently. This work often involves the analysis of the structure of organizations. Is responsibility to spend money in a company at the right level of our organization? Are goals and objectives to control costs being communicated effectively? Historically, many management accountants have been derided as "bean counters". This mentality has undergone major change as managemnet accountants now often work side by side with marketing and finance to develop new business.
- Tax
- Tax accountants prepare corporate and personal income tax statements and formulate tax strategies involving issues such as financial choice, how to best treat a merger or acquisition, deferral of taxes, when to expense items and the like. This work requires a thorough understanding of economics and the tax code. Increasingly, large corporations are looking for persons with both an accounting and a legal background in tax. A person, for example, with a JD and an CPA would be especially desirable to many firms.
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Key Areas for Accounting Careers
- Audit: Audit is at the core of accounting work. Accounting auditing careers involve checking accounting ledgers and financial statements within businesses, public and not-for-profit organizations. Being increasingly computerized, this work can rely on random sampling methods. This provides a solid foundation to future specialist work, as it really enables you to understand how an organization makes money.
- Budget Analysis: A budget analyst develops and manages an organization’s financial plans. Many jobs exist in government and private industry. You’ll require strong quantitative skills for this work, along with good people skills, because you’ll be involved in negotiations.
- Financial: Financial accountants draw information from the general ledgers to prepare financial statements. They also take part in the business’s important financial decisions involving mergers and acquisitions, employee benefits planning and long-term financial projections. This work can very from week to week, so needs a combined understanding of accounting and finance.
- Management Accounting: Management accountants work in companies and contribute to decisions about capital budgeting and business analysis. Major activities include cost analysis, contracts analysis, and participation in efforts to control expenses. Management accountants are now major contributors to business decisions, working alongside marketing and financial managers to develop new business.
- Tax: Tax accountants prepare corporate and personal income tax statements. They also prepare strategies for deferring taxes, when to expense items, how to approach a merger or acquisition, etc. You need to have a thorough understanding of economics and the tax code. Many large firms now also look for legal knowledge.
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